The Wayne is a small river that cuts across the park near my home.
威尔是一个穿过我家附近公园的小河。
这句话中的that指代river在从句中做主语。
The small work shop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people.
那个小车间变成了一个雇佣七百二十八人的大工厂。
这句话中的which指代factory，做主语
As I soon learned, he was English himself.
我立刻知道，他也是英国人。
这句话比较复杂，as引导的定语从句修饰后面的句子，它的先行词不是一个词，而是个句子。as在从句中做learned的宾语，表示知道什么事，那件事就是后面的句子。
Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden.
那里有的酒店，基本都是很脏，而且充满跳蚤。
Such as引导的定语从句，不多见。偶尔会有。主句的主语是inn，as指代inn在从句中做主语，从句是there be句型。
My tongue was busy searching out the hole where the tooth had been.
我的舌头在寻找我的牙所在的那个洞。
这句话中的where是关系副词，先行词是hole，where在定语从句中做状语。相当于in which等于in the hole。
There was a time when the the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for protection.
有一段时间，芝加哥的商店老板和业主们必须向歹徒交一大笔钱来换取保护。
这句话中的when是关系副词，先行词是time，在从句中做状语，相当于during the time。
The reason why he didn't come is that he had an accident.
他没来的原因是他出事了。
这句话中的why也是关系副词，指代reason，相当于for which等于for the reason
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